Demography across Europe
Explore long-term demographic trends across Europe, including population change, ageing, fertility, life expectancy and migration.
Where to start
Featured demographic indicators
Start with the indicators that give the clearest overview of how Europe’s population is changing in size, age structure and long-term demographic balance.
Population
Compare population size, growth and decline across European countries over time.
Explore population → AgeingMedian age
Track how the middle of the population’s age distribution has shifted across Europe.
Explore median age → FertilityFertility rate
Compare total fertility rates and long-term differences in births per woman.
Explore fertility rate →All topics
Demographic topics
Browse the full Demography section by theme: population size, ageing, fertility, longevity and migration.
Population size and growth
Indicators that show how the number of people living in each country changes over time.
Ageing and age structure
Indicators that describe how the age profile of European populations is changing.
Fertility and population renewal
Indicators that show how current fertility patterns affect long-term population dynamics.
What do demographic indicators show?
Demographic indicators help explain how populations change over time. They measure population size, age structure, fertility, mortality conditions and migration-related population change across countries.
This Demography section brings together five long-term indicators: population, median age, fertility rate, life expectancy and net migration.
Why demographic trends matter
Demographic change shapes labour markets, housing demand, healthcare systems, pension pressures, education needs and the long-term size of national populations. Ageing, fertility, life expectancy and migration are closely connected, and their effects often unfold over decades.
By comparing data across countries and years, Europe In Time helps reveal how European populations are growing, ageing, moving and changing over the long term.